{"id":2307,"date":"2025-11-24T17:01:04","date_gmt":"2025-11-24T17:01:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/originalityreport.com\/?p=2307","raw":"https:\/\/originalityreport.com\/?p=2307"},"modified":"2025-11-24T17:27:07","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T17:27:07","slug":"plagiarism-cases-in-research","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/originalityreport.com\/el\/plagiarism-cases-in-research\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1: \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1 &amp; \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1","raw":"\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2. \u039f Guttenberg \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Bayreuth \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h3>Jan Hendrik Sch\u00f6n (\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 Bell Labs)<\/h3>\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Bell Labs \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Jan Hendrik Sch\u00f6n, \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 Bell Labs, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2000, \u03bf Sch\u00f6n \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Science and Nature.<br \/> \u039f\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 20 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0397 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u00e1l Schmitt \u2013 \u039f \u039f\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2012, \u03bf P\u00e1l Schmitt, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ae \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf Semmelweis \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0397 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h3>Martin Luther King Jr. (Disputed Dissertation Passages)<\/h3>\n<p>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u039b\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1990, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 King \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>. <\/p>\n<h3>Luc Montagnier (Aids Research Disputes)<\/h3>\n<p>\u039f \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HIV.<\/p>\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f Luc Montagnier, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HIV, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf AIDS.<\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p>. <\/p>\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2<\/h2>\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u00bb, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2.\n<li><strong>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7<\/strong>: \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 (2024\u20132025)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u0397 \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 Francesca Gino (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4)<\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Francesca Gino, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2012. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Filippo Berto (\u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2)<\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03c4\u03bf NTNU \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf Filippo Berto, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. <\/p>\n<h3>3. John Hattie (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf Melbourne, \u0391\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1)<\/h3>\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03bf John Hattie, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Visible Learning, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae. \u0397 Hattie \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf SoCarXiv &#8211; \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3>\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 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\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc AI \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bb, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h2>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae<\/h2>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0397 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5:<\/p>\r\n \r\n<ul> \r\n<li>\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\r\n \r\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03b2\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\r\n \r\n<li>\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1.<\/li>\r\n \r\n<li>\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd.<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n \r\n<p> \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2: \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h2>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03cc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7)<\/h2>\r\n \r\n<h3>Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u00abcut-and-paste\u00bb)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Karl-Theodor Zu Guttenberg, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc \u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf 2011, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2. \u039f Guttenberg \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Bayreuth \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>Jan Hendrik Sch\u00f6n (\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 Bell Labs)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Bell Labs \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Jan Hendrik Sch\u00f6n, \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 Bell Labs, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2000, \u03bf Sch\u00f6n \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf Science and Nature.<br \/> \u039f\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 20 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0397 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>P\u00e1l Schmitt \u2013 \u039f \u039f\u03cd\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf 2012, \u03bf P\u00e1l Schmitt, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039f\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03ae \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf Semmelweis \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p><em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5:<\/em> \u0397 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>Martin Luther King Jr. (Disputed Dissertation Passages)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u039b\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03a4\u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 1990, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 King \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03be\u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>. \r\n<h3>Luc Montagnier (Aids Research Disputes)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u039f \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HIV.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f Luc Montagnier, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HIV, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf AIDS.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<p>. \r\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h2>\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03ac\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2<\/h2>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<ul> \r\n<li><strong>\u03a0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u00bb, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/li>\r\n \r\n<li><strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \r\n<li><strong>\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7<\/strong>: \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n \r\n<h2>\u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 (2024\u20132025)<\/h2>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1:<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>1. \u0397 \u0399\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 Francesca Gino (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03c4\u03bf \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Francesca Gino, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u0397 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2012. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>2. Filippo Berto (\u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03c4\u03bf NTNU \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039d\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf Filippo Berto, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2. \r\n<h3>3. John Hattie (\u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf Melbourne, \u0391\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1)<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2025, \u03bf John Hattie, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Visible Learning, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c6\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae. \u0397 Hattie \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf SoCarXiv - \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\r\n \r\n<h3>4. \u039b\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3>\r\n \r\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2024 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Sam Payne \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 Brigham Young \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf - \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 - \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 AI \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 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\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03a5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 Ingvild Kjerkol \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd 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\r\n<li>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 AI.<\/li>\r\n \r\n<li>\u039d\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 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